Integrated photonic circuits could help close the ‘terahertz gap’
EPFL researchers have collaborated with colleagues at ETH Zurich and Harvard University on a new thin-film circuit which, when connected to a laser beam, produces finely tailorable terahertz-frequency waves. The device opens up a world of potential applications in optics and telecommunications.
(article first published on 12.01.2023 in external page EPFL news)
Researchers led by Cristina Benea-Chelmus in the Laboratory of Hybrid Photonics (external page HYLAB) in EPFL’s School of Engineering have taken a big step toward successfully exploiting the so-called terahertz gap, which lies between about 300-30'000 gigahertz (0.3 to 30 THz) on the electromagnetic spectrum. This range is currently something of a technological dead zone, describing frequencies that are too fast for today’s electronics and telecommunications devices, but too slow for optics and imaging applications.
Now, thanks to an extremely thin chip with an integrated photonic circuit made of lithium niobate, the HYLAB researchers and colleagues at ETH Zurich and Harvard University have succeeded not just in producing terahertz waves, but in engineering a solution for custom-tailoring their frequency, wavelength, amplitude, and phase. Such precise control over terahertz radiation means that it can now potentially be harnessed for next-generation applications in both the electronic and optical realms. The results have recently been external page published in Nature Communications.
"Seeing the devices emit radiation with properties that we predefined was a confirmation that our model was correct," says co-first author Alexa Herter, currently a PhD student at ETH Zurich.
"This was made possible due to the unique features of lithium niobate integrated photonics," adds co-first author Amirhassan Shams-Ansari, a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University.
Alexa Marina Herter
PhD Student in the Quantum Optoelectronics Group (Jérôme Faist) at D-PHYS
In bulk material it has been previously shown that the nonlinear effect of optical rectification, which is the generating process in the presented on-chip THz source, has been used as a source of squeezed light. During my PhD, I have investigated the quantum nature of light in the spectral range of THz radiation. Our future plan is to investigate the quantum nature of the radiation generated with these devices and how we can control them. Moreover, we want to expand the demonstrated platform by a THz detection scheme. Due to the confinement onto the very small chip, the sensitivity is greatly enhanced. The investigation of very weak quantum optical signals – as for example the ground state of light – may become much less time-consuming as they currently are.
As the co-lead author Alexa Herter was responsible for the experimental investigation and data analysis of the devices fabricated at Harvard University.
Telecoms-ready
Benea-Chelmus explains that while such terahertz waves have been produced in a lab setting before, previous approaches have relied primarily on bulk crystals to generate the right frequencies. Her lab’s use of the lithium niobate circuit, finely etched at the nanometer scale by collaborators at Harvard University, makes their novel approach much more streamlined. The use of a silicon substrate also makes the device suitable for integration into electronic and optical systems.
"Generating waves at very high frequencies is extremely challenging, and there are very few techniques that can generate them with unique patterns. We are now able to engineer the exact temporal shape of terahertz wave – to say essentially, 'I want a waveform that looks like this,'" she explains.
To achieve this, Benea-Chelmus’ lab designed the chip’s arrangement of channels called waveguides, from which microscopic antennas broadcast terahertz waves generated by light from optical fibers.
"The fact that our device already makes use of a standard optical signal is really an advantage, because it means that these new chips can be used with traditional lasers, which work very well and are very well understood. It means our device is telecommunications-compatible," Benea-Chelmus emphasizes. She adds that miniaturized devices that send and receive signals in the terahertz range could play a key role in sixth generation mobile systems (6G).
In the world of optics, Benea-Chelmus sees particular potential for miniaturized lithium niobate chips in spectroscopy and imaging. In addition to being non-ionizing, terahertz waves are much lower-energy than many other types of waves (like x-rays) currently used to provide information about the composition of a material – whether it’s a bone or an oil painting. A compact, non-destructive device like the lithium niobate chip could therefore provide a less invasive alternative to current spectrographic techniques.
"You could imagine sending terahertz radiation through a material you are interested in and analyzing it to measure the response of material, depending on its molecular structure. All this from a device smaller than a match head."
Jérôme Faist
Head of the Quantum Optoelectronics Group at D-PHYS
The Quantum Optoelectronics group at ETH Zürich is studying the fundamental quantum properties of terahertz (THz) radiation using non-linear crystal and ultrashort laser pulses. Indeed, the PhD project of Alexa Herter is concerned with the quantum nature of light in the spectral range of THz radiation. The waveguide devices created within the collaboration with Benea-Chelmus and measured at ETH Zurich, have the potential to enable a new class of experiments aiming at producing and detecting squeezed light at THz frequencies, because they enhance the strength of the non-linear interaction greatly.
Quantum future
Next, Benea-Chelmus plans to focus on tweaking the properties of the chip’s waveguides and antennas to engineer waveforms with greater amplitudes, and more finely tuned frequencies and decay rates. She also sees potential for the terahertz technology developed in her lab to be useful for quantum applications.
"There are many fundamental questions to address; for example, we are interested in whether we can use such chips to generate new types of quantum radiation that can be manipulated on extremely short timescales. Such waves in quantum science can be used to control quantum objects."
Reference
Herter, A., Shams-Ansari, A., Settembrini, F.F. et al. external page Terahertz waveform synthesis in integrated thin-film lithium niobate platform. Nat Commun 14, 11 (2023).